When there is presence of plaque a decision will be made as to which procedure will be needed... name the procedures?

• A. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy
• B. Pacemaker implantation, ablation, resynchronization therapy
• C. Valve repair, replacement, and transplantation
• D. Echocardiography, MRI, and CT angiography

Answer: (A)

When plaque narrows the coronary arteries, the goal is to restore blood flow through revascularization. The main approaches are revascularization options that bypass or open blocked vessels. Angioplasty uses a balloon to widen the narrowed segment. Stenting places a scaffold in the artery to keep it open after angioplasty. Atherectomy removes or reduces the plaque material to enlarge the lumen. If the disease involves multiple vessels or is not suitable for a catheter-based approach, coronary artery bypass grafting creates new paths for blood to reach the heart muscle by routing around blocked arteries using grafts. The choice depends on how many vessels are diseased, where the blockages are, the anatomy, and patient factors. Other options like pacemaker implantation, ablation, resynchronization therapy, valve surgery, or imaging studies address rhythm, valvular disease, or diagnostics, not the plaque-related blockages treated with these revascularization procedures.